From A First Course in Linear Algebra
Version 2.23
© 2004.
Licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
http://linear.ups.edu/
Summary System with six equations, nine variables. Consistent. Null space of coefficient matrix has dimension 5.
A system of linear equations (Definition SLE):
Some solutions to the system of linear equations (not necessarily exhaustive):
{x}_{1} = 6,
{x}_{2} = 0,
{x}_{3} = −1,
{x}_{4} = 0,
{x}_{5} = −1,
{x}_{6} = 2,
{x}_{7} = 0,
{x}_{8} = 0,
{x}_{9} = 0
{x}_{1} = 4,
{x}_{2} = 1,
{x}_{3} = −1,
{x}_{4} = 0,
{x}_{5} = −1,
{x}_{6} = 2,
{x}_{7} = 0,
{x}_{8} = 0,
{x}_{9} = 0
{x}_{1} = −17,
{x}_{2} = 7,
{x}_{3} = 3,
{x}_{4} = 2,
{x}_{5} = −1,
{x}_{6} = 14,
{x}_{7} = −1,
{x}_{8} = 3,
{x}_{9} = 2
{x}_{1} = −11,
{x}_{2} = −6,
{x}_{3} = 1,
{x}_{4} = 5,
{x}_{5} = −4,
{x}_{6} = 7,
{x}_{7} = 3,
{x}_{8} = 1,
{x}_{9} = 1
Augmented matrix of the linear system of equations (Definition AM):
Matrix in reduced row-echelon form, row-equivalent to augmented matrix:
Analysis of the augmented matrix (Notation RREFA):
Vector form of the solution set to the system of equations (Theorem VFSLS).
Notice the relationship between the free variables and the set
F above. Also,
notice the pattern of 0’s and 1’s in the entries of the vectors corresponding to elements
of the set F
for the larger examples.
\left [\array{
{x}_{1}
\cr
{x}_{2}
\cr
{x}_{3}
\cr
{x}_{4}
\cr
{x}_{5}
\cr
{x}_{6}
\cr
{x}_{7}
\cr
{x}_{8}
\cr
{x}_{9} } \right ] = \left [\array{
6\cr
0
\cr
−1\cr
0
\cr
−1\cr
2
\cr
0\cr
0
\cr
0 } \right ]+{x}_{2}\left [\array{
−2\cr
1
\cr
0\cr
0
\cr
0\cr
0
\cr
0\cr
0
\cr
0 } \right ]+{x}_{4}\left [\array{
−5\cr
0
\cr
2\cr
1
\cr
0\cr
0
\cr
0\cr
0
\cr
0 } \right ]+{x}_{7}\left [\array{
−1\cr
0
\cr
−3\cr
0
\cr
−1\cr
0
\cr
1\cr
0
\cr
0 } \right ]+{x}_{8}\left [\array{
2\cr
0
\cr
−5\cr
0
\cr
−1\cr
2
\cr
0\cr
1
\cr
0 } \right ]+{x}_{9}\left [\array{
−3\cr
0
\cr
6\cr
0
\cr
1\cr
3
\cr
0\cr
0
\cr
1 } \right ]
Given a system of equations we can always build a new, related, homogeneous system (Definition HS) by converting the constant terms to zeros and retaining the coefficients of the variables. Properties of this new system will have precise relationships with various properties of the original system.
Some solutions to the associated homogenous system of linear equations (not
necessarily exhaustive):
{x}_{1} = 0,
{x}_{2} = 0,
{x}_{3} = 0,
{x}_{4} = 0,
{x}_{5} = 0,
{x}_{6} = 0,
{x}_{7} = 0,
{x}_{8} = 0,
{x}_{9} = 0
{x}_{1} = −2,
{x}_{2} = 1,
{x}_{3} = 0,
{x}_{4} = 0,
{x}_{5} = 0,
{x}_{6} = 0,
{x}_{7} = 0,
{x}_{8} = 0,
{x}_{9} = 0
{x}_{1} = −23,
{x}_{2} = 7,
{x}_{3} = 4,
{x}_{4} = 2,
{x}_{5} = 0,
{x}_{6} = 12,
{x}_{7} = −1,
{x}_{8} = 3,
{x}_{9} = 2
{x}_{1} = −17,
{x}_{2} = −6,
{x}_{3} = 2,
{x}_{4} = 5,
{x}_{5} = −3,
{x}_{6} = 5,
{x}_{7} = 3,
{x}_{8} = 1,
{x}_{9} = 1
Form the augmented matrix of the homogenous linear system, and use row operations to convert to reduced row-echelon form. Notice how the entries of the final column remain zeros:
Analysis of the augmented matrix for the homogenous system (Notation RREFA). Notice the slight variation for the same analysis of the original system only when the original system was consistent:
Coefficient matrix of original system of equations, and of associated homogenous system. This matrix will be the subject of further analysis, rather than the systems of equations.
Matrix brought to reduced row-echelon form:
Analysis of the row-reduced matrix (Notation RREFA):
This is the null space of the matrix. The set of vectors used in the
span construction is a linearly independent set of column vectors that
spans the null space of the matrix (Theorem SSNS, Theorem BNS). Solve
the homogenous system with this matrix as the coefficient matrix and
write the solutions in vector form (Theorem VFSLS) to see these vectors
arise.
\left \langle \left \{\left [\array{
−2\cr
1
\cr
0\cr
0
\cr
0\cr
0
\cr
0\cr
0
\cr
0 } \right ],\kern 1.95872pt \left [\array{
−5\cr
0
\cr
2\cr
1
\cr
0\cr
0
\cr
0\cr
0
\cr
0 } \right ],\kern 1.95872pt \left [\array{
−1\cr
0
\cr
−3\cr
0
\cr
−1\cr
0
\cr
1\cr
0
\cr
0 } \right ],\kern 1.95872pt \left [\array{
2\cr
0
\cr
−5\cr
0
\cr
−1\cr
2
\cr
0\cr
1
\cr
0 } \right ],\kern 1.95872pt \left [\array{
−3\cr
0
\cr
6\cr
0
\cr
1\cr
3
\cr
0\cr
0
\cr
1 } \right ]\right \}\right \rangle
Column space of the matrix, expressed as the span of a set of linearly independent
vectors that are also columns of the matrix. These columns have indices that form
the set D
above. (Theorem BCS)
\left \langle \left \{\left [\array{
1\cr
2
\cr
1\cr
2
\cr
1\cr
−3 } \right ],\kern 1.95872pt \left [\array{
−2\cr
3
\cr
1\cr
3
\cr
0\cr
−1 } \right ],\kern 1.95872pt \left [\array{
3\cr
−1
\cr
1\cr
−7
\cr
2\cr
2 } \right ],\kern 1.95872pt \left [\array{
−5\cr
4
\cr
1\cr
2
\cr
−4\cr
−5
} \right ]\right \}\right \rangle
The column space of the matrix, as it arises from the extended echelon form of the matrix.
The matrix L
is computed as described in Definition EEF. This is followed by the column space
described by a set of linearly independent vectors that span the null space of
L,
computed as according to Theorem FS and Theorem BNS. When
r = m, the matrix
L has no rows and the
column space is all of {ℂ}^{m}.
L = \left [\array{
1&0& {186\over
131} & {51\over
131} &−{188\over
131}& {77\over
131}
\cr
0&1&−{272\over
131}&−{45\over
131}& {58\over
131} &−{14\over
131} } \right ]
\left \langle \left \{\left [\array{
−{77\over
131}
\cr
{14\over
131}
\cr
0\cr
0
\cr
0\cr
1 } \right ],\kern 1.95872pt \left [\array{
{188\over
131}
\cr
−{58\over
131}
\cr
0\cr
0
\cr
1\cr
0 } \right ],\kern 1.95872pt \left [\array{
−{51\over
131}
\cr
{45\over
131}
\cr
0\cr
1
\cr
0\cr
0 } \right ],\kern 1.95872pt \left [\array{
−{186\over
131}
\cr
{272\over
131}
\cr
1\cr
0
\cr
0\cr
0 } \right ]\right \}\right \rangle
Column space of the matrix, expressed as the span of a set of linearly
independent vectors. These vectors are computed by row-reducing the
transpose of the matrix into reduced row-echelon form, tossing out the
zero rows, and writing the remaining nonzero rows as column vectors. By
Theorem CSRST and Theorem BRS, and in the style of Example CSROI,
this yields a linearly independent set of vectors that span the column
space.
\left \langle \left \{\left [\array{
1\cr
0
\cr
0\cr
0
\cr
−1
\cr
−{29\over
7}} \right ],\kern 1.95872pt \left [\array{
0\cr
1
\cr
0\cr
0
\cr
−{11\over
2}
\cr
−{94\over
7}} \right ],\kern 1.95872pt \left [\array{
0\cr
0
\cr
1\cr
0
\cr
10\cr
22 } \right ],\kern 1.95872pt \left [\array{
0\cr
0
\cr
0\cr
1
\cr
{3\over
2}
\cr
3 } \right ]\right \}\right \rangle
Row space of the matrix, expressed as a span of a set of linearly independent
vectors, obtained from the nonzero rows of the equivalent matrix in reduced
row-echelon form. (Theorem BRS)
\left \langle \left \{\left [\array{
1\cr
2
\cr
0\cr
5
\cr
0\cr
0
\cr
1\cr
−2
\cr
3 } \right ],\kern 1.95872pt \left [\array{
0\cr
0
\cr
1\cr
−2
\cr
0\cr
0
\cr
3\cr
5
\cr
−6 } \right ],\kern 1.95872pt \left [\array{
0\cr
0
\cr
0\cr
0
\cr
1\cr
0
\cr
1\cr
1
\cr
−1 } \right ],\kern 1.95872pt \left [\array{
0\cr
0
\cr
0\cr
0
\cr
0\cr
1
\cr
0\cr
−2
\cr
−3 } \right ]\right \}\right \rangle
Subspace dimensions associated with the matrix. (Definition NOM, Definition ROM) Verify Theorem RPNC