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<!--l. 10--><p class="noindent" >
</p><!--l. 12--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="cmr-17x-x-143">A First Course in Linear Algebra</span>
</p><!--l. 16--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="cmr-12x-x-120">by</span><br />
<span 
class="cmr-12x-x-120">Robert A.</span><span 
class="cmr-12x-x-120">&#x00A0;Beezer</span><br />
<span 
class="cmr-12x-x-120">Department of Mathematics and Computer Science</span><br />
<span 
class="cmr-12x-x-120">University of Puget Sound</span>
</p><!--l. 20--><p class="noindent" >Version 1.31
</p>
</div>
<!--l. 10--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="cmsy-10x-x-120">&#x00A9;</span>&#x00A0;2004 by Robert A. Beezer.<br class="newline" />
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the
terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version
published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being
&#x201C;Preface&#x201D;, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the
license is included in the appendix entitled &#x201C;GNU Free Documentation
License&#x201D;.<br class="newline" />
The most recent version of this work can always be found at <a 
href="http://linear.ups.edu" class="url" ><span 
class="cmtt-12">http://linear.ups.edu</span></a>.<br class="newline" />
                                                                          

                                                                          
</p><!--l. 240--><p class="indent" >
                                                                          

                                                                          
</p>
   <div class="tableofcontents">
   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li1.xml#x2-1000" id="QQ2-2-1">Front Matter</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li2.xml#x3-2000" id="QQ2-3-2">Author Biography</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li3.xml#x4-3000" id="QQ2-4-3">Edition</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li4.xml#x5-4000" id="QQ2-5-4">Publisher</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li5.xml#x6-5000" id="QQ2-6-5">Dedication</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li6.xml#x7-6000" id="QQ2-7-6">Contributors</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li7.xml#x8-7000" id="QQ2-8-7">Definitions</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li8.xml#x9-8000" id="QQ2-9-8">Theorems</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li9.xml#x10-9000" id="QQ2-10-9">Notation</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li10.xml#x11-10000" id="QQ2-11-10">Examples</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li11.xml#x12-11000" id="QQ2-12-11">Preface</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li12.xml#x13-17000" id="QQ2-13-17">Acknowledgements</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likepartToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li13.xml#x14-18000" id="QQ2-14-18">Part C Core</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li14.xml#x15-19000" id="QQ2-15-19">Chapter SLE Systems of Linear Equations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li15.xml#x16-20000" id="QQ2-16-20">Section WILA What is Linear Algebra?</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li16.xml#x17-26000" id="QQ2-17-26">Section SSLE Solving Systems of Linear Equations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li17.xml#x18-33000" id="QQ2-18-33">Section RREF Reduced Row-Echelon Form</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li18.xml#x19-40000" id="QQ2-19-40">Section TSS Types of Solution Sets</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li19.xml#x20-46000" id="QQ2-20-46">Section HSE Homogeneous Systems of Equations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li20.xml#x21-52000" id="QQ2-21-52">Section NM Nonsingular Matrices</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li21.xml#x22-59000" id="QQ2-22-59">Chapter V Vectors</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li22.xml#x23-60000" id="QQ2-23-60">Section VO Vector Operations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li23.xml#x24-66000" id="QQ2-24-66">Section LC Linear Combinations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li24.xml#x25-73000" id="QQ2-25-73">Section SS Spanning Sets</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li25.xml#x26-79000" id="QQ2-26-79">Section LI Linear Independence</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li26.xml#x27-86000" id="QQ2-27-86">Section LDS Linear Dependence and Spans</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li27.xml#x28-92000" id="QQ2-28-92">Section O Orthogonality</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li28.xml#x29-101000" id="QQ2-29-101">Chapter M Matrices</a></span>
                                                                          

                                                                          
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li29.xml#x30-102000" id="QQ2-30-102">Section MO Matrix Operations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li30.xml#x31-111000" id="QQ2-31-111">Section MM Matrix Multiplication</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li31.xml#x32-120000" id="QQ2-32-120">Section MISLE Matrix Inverses and Systems of Linear Equations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li32.xml#x33-127000" id="QQ2-33-127">Section MINM Matrix Inverses and Nonsingular Matrices</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li33.xml#x34-133000" id="QQ2-34-133">Section CRS Column and Row Spaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li34.xml#x35-141000" id="QQ2-35-141">Section FS Four Subsets</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li35.xml#x36-150000" id="QQ2-36-150">Chapter VS Vector Spaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li36.xml#x37-151000" id="QQ2-37-151">Section VS Vector Spaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li37.xml#x38-159000" id="QQ2-38-159">Section S Subspaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li38.xml#x39-166000" id="QQ2-39-166">Section LISS Linear Independence and Spanning Sets</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li39.xml#x40-173000" id="QQ2-40-173">Section B Bases</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li40.xml#x41-181000" id="QQ2-41-181">Section D Dimension</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li41.xml#x42-189000" id="QQ2-42-189">Section PD Properties of Dimension</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li42.xml#x43-198000" id="QQ2-43-198">Chapter D Determinants</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li43.xml#x44-199000" id="QQ2-44-199">Section DM Determinant of a Matrix</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li44.xml#x45-206000" id="QQ2-45-206">Section PDM Properties of Determinants of Matrices</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li45.xml#x46-214000" id="QQ2-46-214">Chapter E Eigenvalues</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li46.xml#x47-215000" id="QQ2-47-215">Section EE Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li47.xml#x48-224000" id="QQ2-48-224">Section PEE Properties of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li48.xml#x49-230000" id="QQ2-49-230">Section SD Similarity and Diagonalization</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li49.xml#x50-238000" id="QQ2-50-238">Chapter LT Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li50.xml#x51-239000" id="QQ2-51-239">Section LT Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li51.xml#x52-248000" id="QQ2-52-248">Section ILT Injective Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li52.xml#x53-257000" id="QQ2-53-257">Section SLT Surjective Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li53.xml#x54-266000" id="QQ2-54-266">Section IVLT Invertible Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li54.xml#x55-276000" id="QQ2-55-276">Chapter R Representations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li55.xml#x56-277000" id="QQ2-56-277">Section VR Vector Representations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li56.xml#x57-284000" id="QQ2-57-284">Section MR Matrix Representations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li57.xml#x58-291000" id="QQ2-58-291">Section CB Change of Basis</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li58.xml#x59-299000" id="QQ2-59-299">Section OD Orthonormal Diagonalization</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li59.xml#x60-304000" id="QQ2-60-304">Section NLT Nilpotent Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li60.xml#x61-308000" id="QQ2-61-308">Section IS Invariant Subspaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li61.xml#x62-312000" id="QQ2-62-312">Section JCF Jordan Canonical Form</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li62.xml#x63-317000" id="QQ2-63-317">Appendix CN Computation Notes</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li63.xml#x64-318000" id="QQ2-64-318">Section MMA Mathematica</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li64.xml#x65-329000" id="QQ2-65-329">Section TI86 Texas Instruments 86</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li65.xml#x66-334000" id="QQ2-66-334">Section TI83 Texas Instruments 83</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li66.xml#x67-338000" id="QQ2-67-338">Appendix P Preliminaries</a></span>
                                                                          

                                                                          
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li67.xml#x68-339000" id="QQ2-68-339">Section CNO Complex Number Operations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li68.xml#x69-343000" id="QQ2-69-343">Section SET Sets</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li69.xml#x70-346000" id="QQ2-70-346">Section PT Proof Techniques</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li70.xml#x71-364000" id="QQ2-71-364">Appendix A Archetypes</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li71.xml#x72-365000" id="QQ2-72-365">Archetype A </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li72.xml#x73-367000" id="QQ2-73-367">Archetype B </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li73.xml#x74-369000" id="QQ2-74-369">Archetype C </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li74.xml#x75-371000" id="QQ2-75-371">Archetype D </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li75.xml#x76-373000" id="QQ2-76-373">Archetype E </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li76.xml#x77-375000" id="QQ2-77-375">Archetype F </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li77.xml#x78-377000" id="QQ2-78-377">Archetype G </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li78.xml#x79-379000" id="QQ2-79-379">Archetype H </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li79.xml#x80-381000" id="QQ2-80-381">Archetype I </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li80.xml#x81-383000" id="QQ2-81-383">Archetype J </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li81.xml#x82-385000" id="QQ2-82-385">Archetype K </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li82.xml#x83-387000" id="QQ2-83-387">Archetype L </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li83.xml#x84-389000" id="QQ2-84-389">Archetype M </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li84.xml#x85-391000" id="QQ2-85-391">Archetype N </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li85.xml#x86-393000" id="QQ2-86-393">Archetype O </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li86.xml#x87-395000" id="QQ2-87-395">Archetype P </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li87.xml#x88-397000" id="QQ2-88-397">Archetype Q </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li88.xml#x89-399000" id="QQ2-89-399">Archetype R </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li89.xml#x90-401000" id="QQ2-90-401">Archetype S </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li90.xml#x91-403000" id="QQ2-91-403">Archetype T </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li91.xml#x92-405000" id="QQ2-92-405">Archetype U </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li92.xml#x93-407000" id="QQ2-93-407">Archetype V </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li93.xml#x94-409000" id="QQ2-94-409">Archetype W </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li94.xml#x95-411000" id="QQ2-95-411">Archetype X </a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li95.xml#x96-413000" id="QQ2-96-413">Appendix GFDL GNU Free Documentation License</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" > <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li95.xml#Q1-96-414">1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" > <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li95.xml#Q1-96-415">2. VERBATIM COPYING</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" > <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li95.xml#Q1-96-416">3. COPYING IN QUANTITY</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" > <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li95.xml#Q1-96-417">4. MODIFICATIONS</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" > <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li95.xml#Q1-96-418">5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" > <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li95.xml#Q1-96-419">6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" > <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li95.xml#Q1-96-420">7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" > <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li95.xml#Q1-96-421">8. TRANSLATION</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" > <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li95.xml#Q1-96-422">9. TERMINATION</a></span>
                                                                          

                                                                          
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" > <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li95.xml#Q1-96-423">10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" > <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li95.xml#Q1-96-424">ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likepartToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li96.xml#x97-414000" id="QQ2-97-425">Part T Topics</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li97.xml#x98-415000" id="QQ2-98-426">Section F Fields</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li98.xml#x99-421000" id="QQ2-99-432">Section T Trace</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li99.xml#x100-424000" id="QQ2-100-435">Section HP Hadamard Product</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li100.xml#x101-427000" id="QQ2-101-438">Section VM Vandermonde Matrix</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li101.xml#x102-428000" id="QQ2-102-439">Section PSM Positive Semi-definite Matrices</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li102.xml#x103-431000" id="QQ2-103-442">Chapter MD Matrix Decompositions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li103.xml#x104-432000" id="QQ2-104-443">Section ROD Rank One Decomposition</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li104.xml#x105-433000" id="QQ2-105-444">Section TD Triangular Decomposition</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li105.xml#x106-437000" id="QQ2-106-448">Section SVD Singular Value Decomposition</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li106.xml#x107-440000" id="QQ2-107-451">Section SR Square Roots</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li107.xml#x108-442000" id="QQ2-108-453">Section POD Polar Decomposition</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likepartToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li108.xml#x109-443000" id="QQ2-109-454">Part A Applications</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li109.xml#x110-444000" id="QQ2-110-455">Section CF Curve Fitting</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li110.xml#x111-447000" id="QQ2-111-458">Section SAS Sharing A Secret</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.31li111.xml#x112-448000" id="QQ2-112-459">Index</a></span>
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