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<!--l. 10--><p class="noindent" >
</p><!--l. 12--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="cmr-17x-x-143">A First Course in Linear Algebra</span>
</p><!--l. 16--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="cmr-12x-x-120">by</span><br />
<span 
class="cmr-12x-x-120">Robert A.</span><span 
class="cmr-12x-x-120">&#x00A0;Beezer</span><br />
<span 
class="cmr-12x-x-120">Department of Mathematics and Computer Science</span><br />
<span 
class="cmr-12x-x-120">University of Puget Sound</span>
</p><!--l. 20--><p class="noindent" >Version 1.30
</p>
</div>
<!--l. 10--><p class="noindent" ><span 
class="cmsy-10x-x-120">&#x00A9;</span>&#x00A0;2004 by Robert A. Beezer.<br class="newline" />
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the
terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version
published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being
&#x201C;Preface&#x201D;, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the
license is included in the appendix entitled &#x201C;GNU Free Documentation
License&#x201D;.<br class="newline" />
The most recent version of this work can always be found at <a 
href="http://linear.ups.edu" class="url" ><span 
class="cmtt-12">http://linear.ups.edu</span></a>.<br class="newline" />
                                                                          

                                                                          
</p><!--l. 240--><p class="indent" >
                                                                          

                                                                          
</p>
   <div class="tableofcontents">
   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li1.xml#x2-1000" id="QQ2-2-1">Front Matter</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li2.xml#x3-2000" id="QQ2-3-2">Author Biography</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li3.xml#x4-3000" id="QQ2-4-3">Edition</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li4.xml#x5-4000" id="QQ2-5-4">Publisher</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li5.xml#x6-5000" id="QQ2-6-5">Dedication</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li6.xml#x7-6000" id="QQ2-7-6">Contributors</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li7.xml#x8-7000" id="QQ2-8-7">Definitions</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li8.xml#x9-8000" id="QQ2-9-8">Theorems</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li9.xml#x10-9000" id="QQ2-10-9">Notation</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li10.xml#x11-10000" id="QQ2-11-10">Examples</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li11.xml#x12-11000" id="QQ2-12-11">Preface</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li12.xml#x13-17000" id="QQ2-13-17">Acknowledgements</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likepartToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li13.xml#x14-18000" id="QQ2-14-18">Part C Core</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li14.xml#x15-19000" id="QQ2-15-19">Chapter SLE Systems of Linear Equations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li15.xml#x16-20000" id="QQ2-16-20">Section WILA What is Linear Algebra?</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li16.xml#x17-26000" id="QQ2-17-26">Section SSLE Solving Systems of Linear Equations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li17.xml#x18-33000" id="QQ2-18-33">Section RREF Reduced Row-Echelon Form</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li18.xml#x19-40000" id="QQ2-19-40">Section TSS Types of Solution Sets</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li19.xml#x20-46000" id="QQ2-20-46">Section HSE Homogeneous Systems of Equations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li20.xml#x21-52000" id="QQ2-21-52">Section NM Nonsingular Matrices</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li21.xml#x22-59000" id="QQ2-22-59">Chapter V Vectors</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li22.xml#x23-60000" id="QQ2-23-60">Section VO Vector Operations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li23.xml#x24-66000" id="QQ2-24-66">Section LC Linear Combinations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li24.xml#x25-74000" id="QQ2-25-74">Section SS Spanning Sets</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li25.xml#x26-80000" id="QQ2-26-80">Section LI Linear Independence</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li26.xml#x27-87000" id="QQ2-27-87">Section LDS Linear Dependence and Spans</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li27.xml#x28-93000" id="QQ2-28-93">Section O Orthogonality</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li28.xml#x29-102000" id="QQ2-29-102">Chapter M Matrices</a></span>
                                                                          

                                                                          
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li29.xml#x30-103000" id="QQ2-30-103">Section MO Matrix Operations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li30.xml#x31-112000" id="QQ2-31-112">Section MM Matrix Multiplication</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li31.xml#x32-121000" id="QQ2-32-121">Section MISLE Matrix Inverses and Systems of Linear Equations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li32.xml#x33-128000" id="QQ2-33-128">Section MINM Matrix Inverses and Nonsingular Matrices</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li33.xml#x34-134000" id="QQ2-34-134">Section CRS Column and Row Spaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li34.xml#x35-142000" id="QQ2-35-142">Section FS Four Subsets</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li35.xml#x36-151000" id="QQ2-36-151">Chapter VS Vector Spaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li36.xml#x37-152000" id="QQ2-37-152">Section VS Vector Spaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li37.xml#x38-160000" id="QQ2-38-160">Section S Subspaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li38.xml#x39-167000" id="QQ2-39-167">Section LISS Linear Independence and Spanning Sets</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li39.xml#x40-174000" id="QQ2-40-174">Section B Bases</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li40.xml#x41-182000" id="QQ2-41-182">Section D Dimension</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li41.xml#x42-190000" id="QQ2-42-190">Section PD Properties of Dimension</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li42.xml#x43-199000" id="QQ2-43-199">Chapter D Determinants</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li43.xml#x44-200000" id="QQ2-44-200">Section DM Determinant of a Matrix</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li44.xml#x45-207000" id="QQ2-45-207">Section PDM Properties of Determinants of Matrices</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li45.xml#x46-215000" id="QQ2-46-215">Chapter E Eigenvalues</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li46.xml#x47-216000" id="QQ2-47-216">Section EE Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li47.xml#x48-225000" id="QQ2-48-225">Section PEE Properties of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li48.xml#x49-231000" id="QQ2-49-231">Section SD Similarity and Diagonalization</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li49.xml#x50-239000" id="QQ2-50-239">Chapter LT Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li50.xml#x51-240000" id="QQ2-51-240">Section LT Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li51.xml#x52-249000" id="QQ2-52-249">Section ILT Injective Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li52.xml#x53-258000" id="QQ2-53-258">Section SLT Surjective Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li53.xml#x54-267000" id="QQ2-54-267">Section IVLT Invertible Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li54.xml#x55-277000" id="QQ2-55-277">Chapter R Representations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li55.xml#x56-278000" id="QQ2-56-278">Section VR Vector Representations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li56.xml#x57-285000" id="QQ2-57-285">Section MR Matrix Representations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li57.xml#x58-292000" id="QQ2-58-292">Section CB Change of Basis</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li58.xml#x59-300000" id="QQ2-59-300">Section OD Orthonormal Diagonalization</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li59.xml#x60-305000" id="QQ2-60-305">Section NLT Nilpotent Linear Transformations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li60.xml#x61-309000" id="QQ2-61-309">Section IS Invariant Subspaces</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li61.xml#x62-313000" id="QQ2-62-313">Section JCF Jordan Canonical Form</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li62.xml#x63-318000" id="QQ2-63-318">Appendix CN Computation Notes</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li63.xml#x64-319000" id="QQ2-64-319">Section MMA Mathematica</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li64.xml#x65-330000" id="QQ2-65-330">Section TI86 Texas Instruments 86</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li65.xml#x66-335000" id="QQ2-66-335">Section TI83 Texas Instruments 83</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li66.xml#x67-339000" id="QQ2-67-339">Appendix P Preliminaries</a></span>
                                                                          

                                                                          
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li67.xml#x68-340000" id="QQ2-68-340">Section CNO Complex Number Operations</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li68.xml#x69-344000" id="QQ2-69-344">Section SET Sets</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li69.xml#x70-347000" id="QQ2-70-347">Section PT Proof Techniques</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li70.xml#x71-365000" id="QQ2-71-365">Appendix A Archetypes</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li71.xml#x72-366000" id="QQ2-72-366">Archetype A </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li72.xml#x73-368000" id="QQ2-73-368">Archetype B </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li73.xml#x74-370000" id="QQ2-74-370">Archetype C </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li74.xml#x75-372000" id="QQ2-75-372">Archetype D </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li75.xml#x76-374000" id="QQ2-76-374">Archetype E </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li76.xml#x77-376000" id="QQ2-77-376">Archetype F </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li77.xml#x78-378000" id="QQ2-78-378">Archetype G </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li78.xml#x79-380000" id="QQ2-79-380">Archetype H </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li79.xml#x80-382000" id="QQ2-80-382">Archetype I </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li80.xml#x81-384000" id="QQ2-81-384">Archetype J </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li81.xml#x82-386000" id="QQ2-82-386">Archetype K </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li82.xml#x83-388000" id="QQ2-83-388">Archetype L </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li83.xml#x84-390000" id="QQ2-84-390">Archetype M </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li84.xml#x85-392000" id="QQ2-85-392">Archetype N </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li85.xml#x86-394000" id="QQ2-86-394">Archetype O </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li86.xml#x87-396000" id="QQ2-87-396">Archetype P </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li87.xml#x88-398000" id="QQ2-88-398">Archetype Q </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li88.xml#x89-400000" id="QQ2-89-400">Archetype R </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li89.xml#x90-402000" id="QQ2-90-402">Archetype S </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li90.xml#x91-404000" id="QQ2-91-404">Archetype T </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li91.xml#x92-406000" id="QQ2-92-406">Archetype U </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li92.xml#x93-408000" id="QQ2-93-408">Archetype V </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li93.xml#x94-410000" id="QQ2-94-410">Archetype W </a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li94.xml#x95-412000" id="QQ2-95-412">Archetype X </a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li95.xml#x96-414000" id="QQ2-96-414">Appendix GFDL GNU Free Documentation License</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" > <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li95.xml#Q1-96-415">1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" > <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li95.xml#Q1-96-416">2. VERBATIM COPYING</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" > <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li95.xml#Q1-96-417">3. COPYING IN QUANTITY</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" > <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li95.xml#Q1-96-418">4. MODIFICATIONS</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" > <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li95.xml#Q1-96-419">5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" > <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li95.xml#Q1-96-420">6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" > <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li95.xml#Q1-96-421">7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" > <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li95.xml#Q1-96-422">8. TRANSLATION</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" > <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li95.xml#Q1-96-423">9. TERMINATION</a></span>
                                                                          

                                                                          
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" > <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li95.xml#Q1-96-424">10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="sectionToc" > <a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li95.xml#Q1-96-425">ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likepartToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li96.xml#x97-415000" id="QQ2-97-426">Part T Topics</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li97.xml#x98-416000" id="QQ2-98-427">Section F Fields</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li98.xml#x99-422000" id="QQ2-99-433">Section T Trace</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li99.xml#x100-425000" id="QQ2-100-436">Section HP Hadamard Product</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li100.xml#x101-428000" id="QQ2-101-439">Section VM Vandermonde Matrix</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li101.xml#x102-429000" id="QQ2-102-440">Section PSM Positive Semi-definite Matrices</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li102.xml#x103-432000" id="QQ2-103-443">Chapter MD Matrix Decompositions</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li103.xml#x104-433000" id="QQ2-104-444">Section ROD Rank One Decomposition</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li104.xml#x105-434000" id="QQ2-105-445">Section TD Triangular Decomposition</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li105.xml#x106-438000" id="QQ2-106-449">Section SVD Singular Value Decomposition</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li106.xml#x107-441000" id="QQ2-107-452">Section SR Square Roots</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li107.xml#x108-443000" id="QQ2-108-454">Section POD Polar Decomposition</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likepartToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li108.xml#x109-444000" id="QQ2-109-455">Part A Applications</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li109.xml#x110-445000" id="QQ2-110-456">Section CF Curve Fitting</a></span>
<br />   &#x00A0;<span class="likesectionToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li110.xml#x111-448000" id="QQ2-111-459">Section SAS Sharing A Secret</a></span>
<br />   <span class="likechapterToc" ><a 
href="fcla-xml-1.30li111.xml#x112-449000" id="QQ2-112-460">Index</a></span>
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