Solution ILT.C20 Robert Beezer
A linear transformation that is not injective will have a nontrivial kernel (Theorem KILT), and this is the key to finding the desired inputs. We need one nontrivial element of the kernel, so suppose that $\vect{z}\in\complex{4}$ is an element of the kernel, \begin{equation*} \colvector{0\\0\\0} =\zerovector =\lt{T}{\vect{z}} =\colvector{ 2z_1+z_2+z_3\\ -z_1+3z_2+z_3-z_4\\ 3z_1+z_2+2z_3-2z_4 } \end{equation*} Vector equality Definition CVE leads to the homogeneous system of three equations in four variables, \begin{align*} 2z_1+z_2+z_3&=0\\ -z_1+3z_2+z_3-z_4&=0\\ 3z_1+z_2+2z_3-2z_4&=0 \end{align*} The coefficient matrix of this system row-reduces as \begin{equation*} \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\ -1 & 3 & 1 & -1 \\ 3 & 1 & 2 & -2 \end{bmatrix} \rref \begin{bmatrix} \leading{1} & 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & \leading{1} & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & \leading{1} & -3 \end{bmatrix} \end{equation*} From this we can find a solution (we only need one), that is an element of $\krn{T}$, \begin{equation*} \vect{z}=\colvector{-1\\-1\\3\\1} \end{equation*} Now, we choose a vector $\vect{x}$ at random and set $\vect{y}=\vect{x}+\vect{z}$, \begin{align*} \vect{x} &=\colvector{2\\3\\4\\-2} & \vect{y}&=\vect{x}+\vect{z}= \colvector{2\\3\\4\\-2}+\colvector{-1\\-1\\3\\1} =\colvector{1\\2\\7\\-1} \end{align*} and you can check that \begin{equation*} \lt{T}{\vect{x}} =\colvector{11\\13\\21} =\lt{T}{\vect{y}} \end{equation*} A quicker solution is to take two elements of the kernel (in this case, scalar multiples of $\vect{z}$) which both get sent to $\zerovector$ by $T$. Quicker yet, take $\zerovector$ and $\vect{z}$ as $\vect{x}$ and $\vect{y}$, which also both get sent to $\zerovector$ by $T$.